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Implementation of statistical tools and novel approaches to develop and validate the method for the estimation of pazopanib in bulk, tablets and fabricated Nano-sized formulation | Advance Pharmaceutical Journal

Research Articles

2017  |  Vol: 2(6)  |  Issue: 6 (November-December)
Implementation of statistical tools and novel approaches to develop and validate the method for the estimation of pazopanib in bulk, tablets and fabricated Nano-sized formulation

Sameer J. Nadaf1,2, Suresh G. Killedar1*

1Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Near Chitranagari, Kolhapur-416013, Maharashtra, India.

2Adarsh College of Pharmacy, Bhavaninagar, Vita-415311, Maharashtra, India.

*Address for correspondence

Dr. Suresh G. Killedar

Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Near Chitranagari, Kolhapur-416013, Maharashtra, India.

Phone: +91-231-2637286


Abstract

Background: Spectrophotometry states the material properties (reflection or transmission) as function of wavelength. Objectives: Aim of current work is to develop a simple, rapid, and cost effective spectrophotometric method for the determination of pazopanib in fabricated nano-formulation and marketed formulation. Materials and methods: Methanol was optimized as solvent for pazopanib and further spectrophotometric detection was carried at analytical wavelength i.e. 214 nm. The method was further validated as per International conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines for linearity, specificity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness and robustness. Results: The concentration of pazopanib over range of 1-08 µg/ml obeys Beers law (R2= 0.9996). Percent Recovery estimated was found to be 99.29 ± 0.23. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 0.139 μg/ml and 0.464 μg/ml respectively. Statistical analysis showed high accuracy and good precision of proposed method. Shapiro-Wilk test (P=0.5473) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (D=0.1212; P>0.10) accepted the normality of data. Bland-Altman plot demonstrated a satisfactory repeatability coefficient. Youden Plot demonstrated the exceptional inter-laboratory reproducibility and it was used to identify random and total errors. Control charts like Levey-Jennings chart, X- chart showed that method is under statistical control. CUSUM chart revealed about targetability of the method. Capability analysis demonstrated greater values of Cp (1.93) and Cpk (1.75) than 1, indicating the capability of method to analyze the samples accurately and consistently with minimum variation. Conclusion: Validation report assured that common excipients from commercial formulations don’t interfere with the proposed method, hence can be applied in regular laboratory analysis.

Keywords: Pazopanib, Accuracy, Precision, UV-method development, Validation


Introduction

Pazopanib, (figure 1) a Kinase Inhibitor is chemically designated as known as 5-[[4-[2, 3-dimethyl-2H-indazol-6yl) methylamino]-2-pyrimidinyl] amino]-2-methyl benzene sulfonamide monochloride (Sharada and Babu, 2016). It is orally administered multi-target drug and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR)-1, -2 and -3, and platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R) that inhibits angiogenesis and cell proliferation leading to potential antineoplastic activity (Pulla et al., 2015; Gorja et al., 2015). It has been recommended for renal cell carcinoma soft tissue sarcoma, and Solitary Fibrous Tumour (Cella and Beaumont, 2016; FDA, 2009; Sleijfer et al., 2009; Kawai et al., 2017; Maruzzo et al., 2015; Manasa et al., 2013).

Figure 1. Structure of Pazopanib

 

Literature survey reveals some spectrophotometric methods (Manasa et al., 2013; Minocha et al., 2012; Chaitanya and Pawar, 2015), chromatographic methods like HPLC (Sharada and Babu, 2016; Pulla et al., 2015; Gorja et al., 2015) for the estimation of pazopanib in bulk, pharmaceutical dosage form and biological fluids (Yang et al., 2010; Pratap et al., 2013). Even afterwards countless developments and recent novel technologies, spectrophotometry remains to be very fecund, due to its ease, specificity and little cost amongst all sophisticated techniques available for the determination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological fluids (Iftequar et al., 2012).Still ample researchers are working on estimation of APIs in bulk as well as various dosage forms using different appropriate spectroscopic or chromatographic techniques. Although there is advancement in the field of statistics, very few researchers and academic professionals are validating and analyzing the data statistically. In this study an attempt has been made to implement the various statistical tools and approaches during development and validation of method, to compare inter-laboratory data using novel statistical techniques like, Bland-Altman plot, Youden plot and different control charts.

Materials and methods

Materials

Pazopanib was obtained as gift sample. Methanol used was of analytical grade and purchased from Merk Chemicals, India. All other chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade. Water used for the study was of double distilled grade.

Method development

Instrumentation

A Shimadzu UV–visible spectrophotometer (UV mini-1700, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) was used for all absorbance measurements with matched quartz cells.

Selection and optimization of solvent

Different solvents like DMSO, Acetone and Methanol were screened for solubility of pazopanib. From all the conditions based on peak quality and non-interference at the specified wavelength methanol was optimized as solvent.

Preparation of standard stock solution

Standard stock solution containing 100 μg/ml of pazopanib was prepared by initially dissolving accurately weighed 10 mg of pazopanib in 50 ml of methanol, followed by sonication for 10 minutes and the final volume of solution was made up to 100 ml with methanol.

Selection of wavelength

The wavelength at which maximum absorption takes place is selected for further analysis. Selection of wavelength was carried out by transferring appropriate volume of 1 ml of standard stock solution into 10 ml volumetric flask, diluted to mark with methanol to give concentration of 10 μg/ml. The resulting Solution was scanned in range of 200-400 nm. The wavelength showing maximum absorption is selected for further analysis. In spectrum pazopanib showed absorbance maximum at 214 nm (Figure 2).

Validation of method

The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision and ruggedness as per ICH guidelines.

Linearity study

Aliquots of 1–8 ml portion of stock solutions were transferred into series of 10 ml volumetric flasks and further volume was made up to mark with methanol, to get concentrations 1- 8 μg/ml respectively. All the Solutions were scanned in the range of 200–400 nm against blank. The absorption maxima were found to be at 214 nm against blank. Further calibration curve was plotted using the data.

Accuracy

To the preanalyzed 4 μg/ml pazopanib solutions, a known amount of standard pazopanib was added at different levels, i.e. 80%, 100% and 120%. Solutions were reanalysed by the proposed method. Three samples were prepared for each recovery level. The accuracy was reported as % recovery.

Precision

Precision of the method was studied as intra-day (Repeatability) and inter-day (Intermediate Precision) variations. Intra-day precision was determined by analyzing 3, 5, and 7 μg/ml of pazopanib solution for three times in the same day. Inter-day precision was determined by analyzing 3, 5, and 7 μg/ml of pazopanib solution for three days.

Sensitivity

The sensitivity of the proposed method was estimated in terms of the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ). The LOD and LOQ were calculated using equations,

LOD= 3Sa/b                                         Eq. 1

LOQ= 10Sa/                                     Eq. 2

Where, Sa is the standard deviation of the response and b is the slope of the corresponding calibration curve (Shrivastava and Gupta, 2011). Percent relative standard deviation, standard deviation was reported for each set of data.

Ruggedness

Ruggedness of the proposed method was determined by analyzing 4 µg/ml concentration of pazopanib by two different analysts under similar operational and environmental conditions (Jadhav et al., 2014).

Robustness

Robustness of the proposed method was also determined by changing the λ max of the analysis by ± 2.0 nm. Percent mean recovery as well as percent relative error was reported (Navgire et al., 2016).

Statistical analysis of proposed method

Normality of the data and outlier detection

Most of the statistical tests mainly parametric tests rest upon the assumption of normality (Ghasemi and Zahediasl, 2012). Hence it is vital to see whether data is normal or non-normal. Normality of data is assayed by normal quantile-quantile plot (Q-Q plot) in which normal score of the observations plotted against expected normal score. Shapiro-Wilk test and Shapiro-Francia test for normal distribution is also applied (Ghasemi and Zahediasl, 2012; Elliott and Woodward, 2007).

Shape of the distribution, its central value, its variability and outlier detection is determined by box and whisker plot (Doane and Lori, 2011). Variability in a data set is given by the interquartile range (Q3 – Q1), i.e. the difference between the 75th percentile and the 25th percentile.

Coefficient of Repeatability by Bland-Altman plot

The Bland-Altman plot is a graphical technique used to investigating the agreement between two measurements techniques intended to measure the same parameter (Bland and Altman, 1986a, 1999b). It is used to look for any systematic bias and to identify possible outliers. 

In this study we have used Bland-Altman plot to compare repeated measurements obtained using one single method on a series of subjects in order to evaluate the repeatability or precision of a method. Therefore the Coefficient of Repeatability (CR) can be calculated as 2 times the standard deviation of the differences between the two measurements (D2 and D1) (Bland and Altman, 1986). Study was performed using sample of known concentration (7 µg/ml).

 .......................................................Eq. 3

Reproducibility using the Youden plot

The Youden plots can be used to study and compare inter-laboratories data obtained using an analytical method (Heath et al., 2016). In this work two samples, comparable and reasonably close in the magnitude are analyzed in four different laboratories using proposed method. From the data obtained youden plot is constructed. To perform this study two samples of known concentrations (7µg/ml) was prepared. Youden plot and other analysis are performed using MedCalc Statistical Software version 17.8 (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, Belgium)

Statistical control of proposed method

Quality control of data is studied using control charts.  In this study control charts are used to check the ability of the analytical method to meet the set requirements. It is useful to detect variations from statistical control (Masson, 2007; Schafer et al., 2011).

Zone test

Zone test is performed in order to determine whether process in influencing by variables or not. For this study control charts are divided into Zone A, B and C (figure 8F). Each zone is one standard deviation in width (https://www.spcforexcel.com).

Capability analysis of proposed method

Capability analysis is used to assess whether a method is statistically able to meet a set of predetermined specifications/requirements or not (Koppel and Chang, 2016). In order to perform capability analysis sample of known concentration is prepared and tested using proposed method. Lower specification limit (LSL), Nominal value and upper specification limit (USL) was set at 6.97, 6.99 and 7.01 respectively.

Process capability (Cp) is calculated by,

 ...............................................................Eq. 4

Process capability index (Cpk) is calculated by,

  .........................Eq. 5

Cp and Cpk should be greater than 1. Capability analysis should be accomplished only after it has been brought under statistical control. It is performed using SPC for excel (Version 5;BPI Consulting, LLC).

Application of the proposed method for pharmaceutical formulation

From pazopanib tablet, powder equivalent to 10 mg of pazopanib was weighed accurately and transferred into 100 ml volumetric flask. Further 50 ml of methanol was added and resulting solution was sonicated for 15 min to facilitate extraction of the drug from the powder. Subsequently volume was made up to 100 ml and solution was filtered through the Whattman filter paper No. 41. The resulting filtrate was further diluted to get the solution of 10 μg/ml concentration and analyzed for drug content determination against blank using proposed method. The drug content of the preparation was calculated using standard calibration curve (Navgire et al., 2016).

Application of the method to the fabricated Nano-formulation

Amount of pazopanib encapsulated in prepared nanoparticles was estimated by measuring the free pazopanib in the nanoformulations. Powdered nanoformulation was extracted using methanol and sonicated for 15 min and volume was made up to 100 ml. The resulting solution was centrifuged at 2500 rpm for10 min and supernatant was analyzed for drug content (Hazra et al., 2015).

Results and discussion

Method validation

The proposed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines (Q2 (R1)). In spectrum pazopanib showed absorbance maximum at 214 nm (Figure 2).

Figure 2. UV Spectra of pazopanib showing lmax at 214 nm

 

 

Linearity study

The linear regression data for the calibration curves has shown linear relationship over the concentration range of 01- 08 μg/ml (Figure 3). Linear regression equation was found to be Y = 0.1945x + 0.056 (R² = 0.9996). Absorbance of the solutions of different concentration is depicted in table 1 and result of regression analysis in table 2.

Table 1. Linearity Study of Pazopanib

Sr. No.

Concentration (µg/ml)

Absorbance

1

1

0.2500

2

2

0.4311

3

3

0.6404

4

4

0.8454

5

5

1.0352

6

6

1.2353

7

7

1.4091

8

8

1.6032

Table 2. Regression Analysis of the data

Dependent variable –Y

Absorbance

Independent variable – X

Concentration (µg/ml)

Least squares regression

Sample size

8

Coefficient of determination R2

0.9996

Residual standard deviation

0.01055

Regression Equation

y = 0.05602 + 0.1945x

Parameter

Coefficient

Std. Error

95% CI

t

P

Intercept

0.05602

0.008224

0.03590 to 0.07614

6.8119

0.0005

Slope

0.1945

0.001629

0.1905 to 0.1985

119.4195

<0.0001

Analysis of Variance

Source

DF

Sum of Squares

Mean Square

Regression

1

1.5887

1.5887

Residual

6

0.0006684

0.0001114

F-ratio

14261.0112

Significance level

P<0.0001

Residuals

Shapiro-Wilk test for Normal distribution

W=0.9334
accept Normality (P=0.5473)

Figure 3. Calibration Curve of pazopanib at different concentrations

 

Accuracy

Accuracy of an analytical method is the closeness of test results to true value and studied by recovery experiments (Jadhav et al., 2014; Navgire et al., 2016). As reported in table 3, the % recovery for the analysis and all the three concentration levels ranged from 99.13% to 99.24% with % RSD from 0.35 to 0.78. This specifies that any minute change in the drug concentration can be correctly determined with high accuracy. Recovery studies demonstrated the reliability of proposed method in routine analytical application.

Table 3. Summary of Recovery Study

Reanalyzed sample

Level of Recovery (%)

Amount of drug added (μg/ml)

Amount of drug detected (μg/ml)

% Recovery

% RSD

4 μg/ml

80

3.2

3.172 ± 0.018

99.13

0.35

100

4

3.973 ± 0.020

99.33

0.52

120

4.8

4.763 ±0.037

99.24

0.78

* Indicates ± SD (n=3)

Precision

The precision of an analytical method expresses the degree of scatter between a series of measurements obtained from multiple sampling of the same homogeneous sample under prescribed conditions (Navgire et al., 2016). Intra-day precision refers to the use of analytical procedure within a laboratory over a short period of time using the same operator with the same equipment whereas Inter-day precision involves estimation of variations in analysis when a method is used within a laboratory by different analysts on different days. Repeatability (intraday) was assessed by analyzing these three different Concentrations (3.0, 5.0, 7.0 μg/ml), three times a day. Intermediate precision (Interday) was established by analyzing these three different concentrations (3.0, 5.0, 7.0 μg/ml), three times a day for at least three different days. Intraday and Interday precision showed >99% recovery. Detailed result is reported in table 4 and table 5.

Table 4. Summary of Intra -Day Precision Study

Conc. (μg/ml)

Absorbance 1

Absorbance 2

Absorbance 3

Absorbance (Mean ± SD)

Conc. Found (μg/ml)

% RSD

% Recovery

3

0.594

0.592

0.588

0.591 ± 0.0030

2.998

0.516

99.94

5

0.984

0.996

0.988

0.989 ± 0.0061

5.044

0.617

100.87

7

1.367

1.349

1.359

1.358 ± 0.0081

6.946

0.66

99.225

* Indicates ± SD (n=3)

Table 5. Summary of Inter-Day Precision Study*

Conc.

(μg/ml)

Amount of drug detected (μg/ml)

% RSD

% Recovery

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

(Mean ± SD)

3

2.971

2.985

2.980

2.979 ± 0.0060

0.303

99.298± 0.2314

5

5.0436

4.998

4.969

5.004 ± 0.0303

0.607

100.08 ± 0.7442

7

6.945

6.942

6.919

6.936 ± 0.0139

0.202

99.085± 0.1999

*Indicates ± SD (n=3)

Sensitivity

LOD is the lowest analyte concentration that can be detected at a specified level of confidence, so it is greater than limit of blank. Whereas, the LOQ is the limit at which the difference between two distinct values can be reasonably distinguished (Armbruster and Pry, 2008). The LOD and LOQ for pazopanib were found to be 0.139 μg/ml and 0.464 μg/ml.

Ruggedness

Amount of pazopanib recuperated by two analysts applying proposed method and working on same instrument are depicted in Table 6. The result showed that the % R.S.D. was less than 2.

Table 6. Summary of Ruggedness Studies*

Conc. (μg/ml)

Analyst

Amount detected (μg/ml)

Amount detected (%)

% RSD

4

Analyst 1

3.971 ± 0.0051

99.295

0.6615

Analyst 2

3.980 ± 0.0047

99.510

0.6079

*Indicates ± SD (n=3)

Robustness

Robustness of projected method was studied by checking the influence of small deviations of wavelength. The outcomes achieved after alteration of wavelength were not dissimilar (Table 7). These alterations of wavelength do not affect the assay of pazopanib, henceforward the proposed method could be considered robust.

Table 7. Summary of Robustness Studies

Conc. (μg/ml)

Wavelength (nm)

Amount detected (μg/ml)

Amount detected (%)

% RSD

4

412

3.966

99.165

0.8595

416

3.982

99.554

0.7166

Statistical analysis of proposed method

Normality of the data and outlier detection

The normal Q-Q plot is shown in figure 4, demonstrating the normality of data. Values of Coefficient of Skewness and Coefficient of Kurtosis was found to be -0.2994 (P=0.5042) and -0.8636 (P=0.2598) respectively. Remarkably, Shapiro-Wilk test (W=0.9508; P=0.2818) and Shapiro-Francia test (W'=0.9688; P=0.5494) accept the normality of data.

Box and Whisker plot (Figure 5) showed that the concentration determined is skewed little right. The part of the box to the left of the median is slightly longer than the part to the right of the median. Figure reveals the descriptive statistics of the data and confirms the right skewness of the data. The median concentration (6.9940) is closer to mean concentration (7.00). Interquartile range was found to be 0.008 indicating extremely less variability in the data set. This means that, from group of samples whose concentrations were closest to the median, half of them were within 0.008 µg of each other when they analyzed using proposed method. No outlier was detected, confirmed by Generalized ESD test (α = 0.05) and Grubbs - left-sided test (α = 0.05).

Figure 4. Q-Q Plot showing Goodness of fit

 

 

Figure 5. Box and Whisker Plot with descriptive statistics

 

 

Repeatability coefficient by Bland-Altman plot

The graph displays a scatter diagram of the differences plotted against the averages of the two measurements. Horizontal lines are drawn at the mean difference, and at the limits of agreement (LOA) which is defined as the mean difference ± 1.96 SD of differences.  Coefficient of Repeatability was found to be 59.411. Noteworthy, 95 % confidence intervals of LOA do not exceed the maximum allowed difference between runs, demonstrating the closeness of the results (Figure 6). Henceforth the developed method can be used to perform the routine analysis of samples repeatedly (Vaz et al., 2013; Fujimura et al., 2013).

Figure 6. The Bland-Altman plot for repetitive measurements for same method

 

 

Reproducibility using the Youden plot

Youden plot, depicted in figure 7A and 7B is constructed by plotting response variable 1 on vertical axis: (i.e., run 1) or response variable 2 on horizontal axis: (i.e., run 2). Each point in the graph corresponds to result of run 1 and run 2 of one laboratory. Points that lie near the 45-degree reference line but far from the Manhattan median (intersecting of two medians) indicate large systematic error. Points that lie far from the 45-degree line indicate large random error (Karkalousos and Evangelopoulos, 2011).

Figure 7A. Youden plot for inter-laboratories data. Rectangles represent 1, 2 and 3 SD.

 

 

Figure 7B. Youden plot for inter-laboratories data. 1, 2, 3 and 4 indicated different laboratories.

 

 

Statistical control of proposed method

The control charts are the statistical approach which shows picture of a process over time and can be used to study the analytical process for improving its precision. Different quality control chart are depicted in figure 8.

In Levey-Jennings chart the distance from the mean is measured in standard deviations (SD). Upper control limit (UCL) and lower control limits (LCL) along with target value which is generated in a graph helps to determine the outliers and give a visual indication whether a laboratory method is working well or not. As shown in figure 8C the Levey-Jennings charts for the process shows that most points are near the average and no points are beyond the control limits, indicative of absence of special cause variation in the process. Hence the process is under statistical control (Karkalousos and Evangelopoulos, 2011; Levey and Jennings, 1950). XmR (individual and moving range) charts also support this, see figure 8A and 8B (Spath et al., 2001).

In the present study CUSUM control chart is used to verify process targetability. Target was fixed by analyzing known concentration sample i.e. 7 µg/ml. The CUSUM chart is plotted with center line indicating zero along with both the cumulative sums on the high side (SH) and lower side (SL). From the graph (Figure 8D) it is observed that cumulative sums on the high side decreased for samples analyzed on 4th day. However, process doesn’t get beyond UCL or LCL. Conclusively, although the control charts indicated the process in under statistical control, CUSUM chart depicted the drifting of process off-target for few samples (Adeoti, 2013).

Zone test

Each zone is one standard deviation in width. Region between the average and average plus one standard deviation is denoted as zone C. Region between the average plus one standard deviation and the average plus two standard deviations is denoted as Zone B. Whereas, region between the average plus two standard deviations and the average plus three standard deviations is denoted as Zone A.

From the figure 8F it was observed that two out of three consecutive points does not fall in zone A or beyond, four out five consecutive points does not fall in zone B or beyond and notably seven consecutive points does not fall in zone C or beyond. It means that no special cause variation is present and process in under statistical control (Benneyan, 1998; Roberts 1958).

Figure 8. Control charts; A) X-Individual chart, B) MR (Moving range) chart, C) Levey Jennings chart, D) CUSUM chart, E) EWMA chart and F) Zone test using control chart

 

 

Capability analysis of proposed method

Process capability analysis ensures the performance of a process against its pre-determined specifications (Manoj, 2016). In figure 9 the dashed red line represents the normal distribution of the data using the overall standard deviation, while the blue solid line represents the normal distribution of the data using the within standard deviation. Process performance (Pp) uses the overall standard deviation and Cp uses the within standard deviation.

From capability analysis it is clear that 6σ less wider than specification width which indicates the capability of process to continuously provides the test results within the specification limits and near to true value. This is confirmed by greater values of Cp (1.93) and Cpk (1.75) than 1. Higher Cpk value indicates the proposed method meeting the target or true value consistently with minimum variation (Senvar and Tozan, 2010; Wooluru et al., 2014).

Figure 9. Capability analysis indicating Cp and Cpk for the proposed method

 

 

Application of the proposed method for pharmaceutical formulation

Marketed formulation was analyzed by the proposed method. The assay value for marketed formulation was found to be 99.03 %.

Table 8. Analysis of the Marketed Formulation

Conc. (μg/ml)

Conc. found (μg/ml)

Conc. found (%)

Conc. found (Mean ± SD)

% RSD

10

9.837

98.37

99.066± 0.5595

0.5651

10

9.942

99.42

10

9.923

99.23

Application of the method to the fabricated Nano-formulation

The prepared nano-formulation was analyzed by the proposed method. Notably, the assay value for fabricated formulations was found to be 99.066 %.

Conclusion

UV spectrophotometric method was successfully developed and validated as per ICH guidelines. Developed method was simple, accurate, precise, reproducible, and sensitive. Quality control analysis and estimation of pazopanib from all kind of pharmaceutical formulations can be effortlessly carried out by implementing this method. This is the first report of detail statistical analysis of any analytical method. Statistical analysis showed that process is under statistical control and capable to analyze the samples unceasingly.

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